Biology of Reproduction Summers |
Endocrinology Homeostasis/Feedback Adult Female Steroid Production Ovulation |
Adult Male Gonadal Axis Regulation Sexual Differentiation Sexual Behavior Puberty |
Reproductive Cycling Estrous Cycles Menstrual Cycle Menopause Fertilization |
Fertilization Systems Gamete Interaction Pregnancy Labor and Parturition Lactation |
Sexual Response & Behavior Pheromones STDs text: Human Reproductive Biology4th Edition- RE Jones & KH Lopez,: pp 159 - 172 Acronyms/Abbreviations end |
XXII. Gamete Interaction A. Sperm competition B. One spermatozoon fertilizes 1. after capacitation and activation 2. Hyaluronic Acid a. cements together cells of the Cumulus Oophorus i. sperm must penetrate between these cemented cells (1) Acrosome Reaction necessary for this 3. Acrosome Reaction a. sperm plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane fuse at distinct points i. now called composite membrane b. openings formed in composite membrane c. enzymes are released through these openings i. hyaluronidase d. hyaluronidase dissolves the hyaluronic acid cement and allows the activated sperm through e. shedding of the composite membrane f. Corona penetrating enzyme also in acrosome g. Inner acrosomal membrane attaches to Zona Pellucida i. protein receptors on zona pellucida for inner acrosomal membrane h. Other enzymes from acrosome left on the outer margin of inner acrosomal membrane i. Acrosin (1) protease that digests part of the zona pellucida ii. Neuramidase (1) dissolves Neuramininc acid a component of the zona pellucida i. inner acrosomal membrane fuses with the Vitelline Membrane (1) Cortical Vesicles: contain Cortical Granules j. an opening forms at the point of fusion k. Chromosomes and Centriole enter into Ooplasm l. Cortical Granules expelled into the Perivitelline Space i. membranes of cortical vesicles and vitelline membrane fuse releasing granules m. Cortical Granules contain: i. factors which chemically/structurally change zona pellucida to block sperm penetration ii. acrosin inhibitor iii. cortical granule protease (1) keeps inner acrosomal membrane from binding to vitelline membrane iv. i-iii prevent multiple fertilizations = polyspermy C. Ovum Activation 1. Sperm penetration causes Ovum Activation 2. Ends 2nd Meiotic Arrest 3. 2nd polar body formed a. 2o Oocyte → Ootid + Polar Body D. Nuclear Membranes Dissolve 1. Sperm + Ootid 2. → Pronuclei E. Fusion of Pronuclei = Conception 1. → Zygote (2N) 2. 12 h from Ovum Activation to fusion of Pronuclei a. all happens in the fallopian tubes b. mitosis begins immediately